Formation Mechanisms and Demographics of Cold Jupiters

Population synthesis via core accretion, migration reconstruction, and bias-corrected occurrence rates

455
Giants Formed (91%)
38.8
Median Core (M_Earth)
3.64
Mean Mass (M_Jup)
17.4%
Occurrence Rate
60.7%
In-Situ Formation
92.2%
Survey Completeness

Migration Mechanism Fractions

Metallicity Dependence

Stellar Mass Dependence

Core Mass Distribution

Population Synthesis Summary

PropertyValue
Formation tracks500
Giants formed455 (91.0%)
Mean core mass61.2 M_Earth
Median core mass38.8 M_Earth
Std core mass66.3 M_Earth
Mean total mass3.64 M_Jup
Core mass range11.5 - 596.9 M_Earth

Migration Statistics

MechanismCountFraction
In-situ27660.7%
Type II6514.3%
Scattering11425.1%
Mean migration distance1.57 AU
Median migration distance1.40 AU